Pages

Monday, 30 September 2013

SQL Server :Part 1 : Architecture of Transaction Log

In our earlier post, we have discussed in detail about the architecture of the data file and different types of pages. In this post, we will be discussing about the architecture of log file.

Logging is a mechanism used in RDBMS to support various ACID (Atomicity,Consistency,Isolation and Durability) properties of transactions. A transaction log is a physical file in which SQL server stores the details of all transactions and data modifications performed on the database.In the event of of disaster, that causes SQL server to shutdown unexpectedly (Power failure/hardware failure), the transaction log is used to bring the database in a consistent state while restarting the server.On restarting the server, database goes through the recovery process.During this recovery process , the transaction log is used to make sure that all committed transactions are written to respective data pages (rolled forward) and revert the uncommitted transaction that were written to data pages.


Logically transaction log is a set of log records.Each records is identified by a log sequence number (LSN). The new log records is always written at the logical end of log file with a LSN which is greater than the previous one.Each LSN will be associated with a transaction id , which can be used to group the log records of a transaction. As log file store the log records in the sequential order as it happens, It is not necessary that, log records of a transaction are always available in sequence in the log file.Each log records will have the LSN of previous log as a backward pointer and that will help in rollback of transaction.

Transaction log will store separate log entries for each operation.For example, while inserting a record into a table, transaction log will store separate log entry for inserting into clustered index and other non clustered index. In the same way, if a single update statement is updating 10 records, transaction log will capture 10 separate log entries.For data modification, transaction log store either the logical operation performed or the before and after image of the record.



To understand it better, let us look into the transaction log using the sys.fn_dblog. It is an undocumented function which will help us to read the active portion of the log. we are using the below query to create two tables and insert some records into that.We will delete the records from these table to keep the table clean. This insert and delete operation is to make sure that the pages are allocated to the table and we will not get unnecessary entries in the transaction log while examining it.We have issued a manual checkpoint to force the SQL server to write the log information to data file and clear the log. Note that, one table is heap table and other one is clustered index table.


USE Mydb
GO
CREATE TABLE LoginfoHeap
(
   
id INT)

GO
CREATE TABLE LoginfoCI
(
   
id INT PRIMARY KEY)

INSERT INTO LoginfoHeap VALUES(1),(2)
INSERT INTO LoginfoCI VALUES(2),(4)
GO
DELETE FROM LoginfoHeap 
DELETE FROM LoginfoCI
GO
CHECKPOINT
GO
SELECT 
[Current LSN]
Operation  ,Context    ,
[Transaction ID],
[Previous LSN],AllocUnitName,[
Previous Page LSN],
[Page ID],[XACT ID],SUSER_SNAME(CONVERT(VARBINARY,[Transaction SID])) AS 'Login',
[Begin Time],[End Time]
FROM sys.fn_dblog (NULL, NULL)






From the output it is very clear that , we have only two active log entries.First one is written ,when the checkpoint started. The second one is written,  when the checkpoint completed the process.


Now we will insert,update and delete records to these tables through two session 

---SESSION I
   BEGIN TRAN
   INSERT INTO LoginfoCI VALUES(2)

--SESSION 2
   BEGIN TRAN
   INSERT INTO LoginfoHeap VALUES(1),(2)

---SESSION I
   INSERT INTO LoginfoCI VALUES(4)

--SESSION 2
   UPDATE LoginfoHeap   SET id =WHERE id=1

---SESSION I
   UPDATE LoginfoCI  SET id =WHERE id=2

--SESSION 2
   
DELETE FROM LoginfoHeap    WHERE id=2

---SESSION I
   DELETE FROM LoginfoCI   WHERE id=4
   SELECT FROM sys.dm_tran_current_transaction
   COMMIT

--SESSION 2
   SELECT FROM sys.dm_tran_current_transaction
   COMMIT

The DMV sys.dm_tran_current_transcation returns a single row that displays the state information of the current transaction in the current session.We are interested only in the transaction_id, which will help us to filter the output of sys.fn_dblog. Let us see the output of sys.fn_dblog.

SELECT 
[Current LSN]
Operation  ,
Context    ,
[Transaction ID],
[Previous LSN],
AllocUnitName,
[Previous Page LSN],
[Page ID],[XACT ID],
SUSER_SNAME(CONVERT(VARBINARY,[Transaction SID])) AS 'Login',
[Begin Time],
[End Time]
FROM sys.fn_dblog (NULL, NULL) 
WHERE [Transaction ID] IN 
(
   SELECT [Transaction ID] FROM sys.fn_dblog (NULL, NULL) 
   WHERE [XACT ID] IN (856960,856981)
)

The values 856960 and 856981 are the transaction_id returned from sys.dm_tran_current_transaction.We have filter the output to get only the relevant rows in which we are interested.

















In our script, we have opened two transaction and all our transaction log entries are grouped to 
one of these transaction_id marked in red and green.Let us analyse what we did and how it is captured in the transaction log.

In the session 1, we have started the transaction and inserted a single record.The first records in the output map to the BEGIN TRAN command. This is the starting point of the transaction and created a new transaction_id.The previous LSN column value is 0 as this is the first log entry in this transaction.In the same log records,it stores the XACT_ID,login and transaction start time.The second record represent the insert into the clustered table.The transaction_id is used to group the entries associated with a transaction. The previouse LSN column, is a pointer to the previous log entry in the same transaction which help SQL server to move backwards in case of rollback.Page id column refer the the page number where this LSN made the change.Previous Page LSN column refer the last log sequence number(LSN) which modify this page.When LSN modify a page, it will also update the corresponding LSN number in the page header (m_lsn field in the header. For more detail refer this post)

In the session 2, we have opened another transaction and inserted two records through single insert statement to the heap table. You can map these operations to row number 3,4, and 5 in the transaction log output. Third row represent the Begin tran command. Even if we inserted two records in single insert statement , SQL server recorded two separate entry in the transaction log. 

As a next step, in session 1 we have added 1 record to the clustered index table.We can map this operation to the 6th record in the transaction log output.

In the next statement , we have modified a record in heap table through Session 2. You can map this to the 7th record in the transaction log output.If you look into the previous LSN column , it will be current LSN column value of the last record associated with this transaction.

In the same way, as a next statement we have modified a record in the clustered table through session 1. We can map the 8th and 9th records in the transaction log output to the update operation on the clustered table. You might have noticed that, when we modified a record in the heap table, transaction log recorded operation in a single row. Where as the same operation in a clustered table has two record in the transaction log. One for delete and other one for insert. When you modify the clustered index key, SQL server internally delete the existing record and insert a new record. This is because, the record need to be stored in the new location based on the modified value(based on the order of clustered index column). The easiest way for SQL server to achieve this is , delete the existing record and insert it as new records with modified clustered column value.

In the next two statement, we are deleting one record from heap table and clustered table.This can be mapped to the 10th and 11th records in the output.Finally we have issued the commit statement in both sessions.12th and 13th record in the transaction log output can be mapped to the commit operation.The Previous LSN column refer the Current LSN column of corresponding  begin tran statement. It will also capture the transaction end time in the End time column.

Understanding the VLF(Virtual Log File)

A database can have one or more log file. In general there will be only one log file as there is no performance improvement by having multiple log file. SQL server uses the transaction log in sequential manner.As the data file divided into pages,log files are divided into virtual log file(VLF).The size of the VLFs  in a log file may not be in equal size. SQL server decide the size and number of VLF in a log file based on the size of the log file growth as given below.

Growth upto 64 MB          = 4  VLF
From 64 MB to 1 GB       = 8   VLF
Larger than 1 GB             = 16 VLF

Let us create a database with 64 MB initial log size and later increase it to 1 GB. As per above calculation the log file should have 12 VLFs.  4 VLF based on initial size and 8 VLF due to changing the log size to 1 GB.

USE MASTER;
GO
CREATE DATABASE Mydb
ON 
(      NAME = MyDb_dat,  FILENAME = 'D:\MyDb\Mydb.mdf',
       SIZE = 10MB, MAXSIZE = 3072MB,   FILEGROWTH = 5MB )
LOG ON ( NAME = MyDb_log,FILENAME = 'D:\MyDb\MyDB.ldf',
    
SIZE = 64MBMAXSIZE = 2048MBFILEGROWTH = 5MB ) ;

GO

ALTER DATABASE Mydb 
MODIFY FILE ( NAME = MyDb_Log,FILENAME = 'D:\MyDb\MyDB.ldf',    SIZE = 1024MB)

Now Let us see how many VLF got created. To find out the number of VLF in database log file, we can make use of DBCC Loginfo.

DBCC loginfo('mydb')

The output is given below.

















There are 12  records in the output each represent a VLF.Let us try to understand the result

FileId: This is the file id of the log file and will be same for all 12 records as we have only one log file.If we have multiple log file , we can multiple numbers here

FileSize: This is the size of the VLF. If you look into the first four, have same size except the fourth one. This because first 8KB of the log file is used for file header. If you add filesize value of first four records along with 8192(8KB) , you will get 64MB which is the initial size of the log file.
16711680+16711680+16711680+16965632 =67100672+8192 =67108864bytes =64MB
In the same if you add the last 8 records it will account the 960 MB (1024-64) , the growth happened due to the alter statement.

StartOffSet: This values is also in bytes, and is the sort column of the output. The first VLF alwasy start from 8192, which is the number of bytes in a page.As mentioned above, the first 8KB is used for file header and will not store any log.

FSeqNo: The file sequence number indicates the order of usage of the VLFs. The row with the highest FSeqNo value is the VLF where current log records are being written.FSeqNo values are not consistent. It will keep changing each time when VLF are getting reused. We will discuss more about this later in this post. A value of 0 in this column means that this VLF has never been used at all. That is the reason we have 0 for all records except one where it is currently logging.

Status: Status has two possible values : 0 and 2. A value of 2 means the VLF is not reusable and a value 0 means it can be reused.It will be more clear as we go further.

Parity: Parity has three possible values 0 ,64 and 128. If the VLF is not used yet, it will have a value 0 and will be set to 64 on first use.Every time a VLF is reused, the parity value is switched between 64 and 128.

CreateLSN: The value indicates when the VLF is created or to group the VLF based on the creation. A values 0 indicates, those VLFs are created as part of database creation. In our case first four records has a value 0 which indicate these VLFs are created as part of database creation with 64MB log size. The remaining 8 records has the same value. These VLF are created as part of our alter database statement to increase the size of the log file from 64 MB to 1024MB

The above output description is referred from Kalen Delaney Blog Post

Now our transaction log will looks like below







Now we have learned about the LSN and VLF. we will discuss more about transaction log in the next post.

If you liked this post, do like my page on FaceBook

230 comments:

  1. Magnificent article a debt of gratitude is in order for the post on sql server dba. I propose you to look our site for indepth data on sql server dba training and demo additionally accessibleRead more...

    Check this site mindmajix for indepth Sql server dba blogs.
    Go here if you’re looking for information on Sql server dba training.

    ReplyDelete
  2. This is the excellent one for all sqlserver learning & working professionals......

    For best Oracle Apps Technical Training In Hyderabad with job assistance... for all graduates ... in India , U.S.A , U.K ...
    Many professionals were placed in MNCs through RCP Technologies.
    Lots of openings on oracle technical... contact us for more details::::::::::
    Oracle Apps Technical Training In Hyderabad

    ReplyDelete
  3. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete

  4. such a good website and given to more information thanks! and more visit
    sas online training

    ReplyDelete
  5. About the SQl server information was more useful at the my studies and the easily observe all given information,thanks for sharing that valuable information.
    html5 training in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  6. Dear friend. I truly just like your posting and your current web page all in all! That write-up is really plainly composed and without difficulty understandable.ok about SQL inforamtion sap sql

    ReplyDelete
  7. Many professionals were placed in MNCs through RCP Technologies.
    Lots of openings on oracle technical... contact us for more details
    SAP GTS Training In Hyderabad

    ReplyDelete
  8. Wow amazing i saw the article with execution models you had posted. It was such informative. Really its a wonderful article. Thank you for sharing and please keep update like this type of article because i want to learn more relevant to this topic.

    SAS Training

    ReplyDelete
  9. This content creates a new hope and inspiration with in me. Thanks for sharing article like this. The way you have stated everything above is quite awesome. Keep blogging like this. Thanks.


    SAP training in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  10. Being new to the blogging world I feel like there is still so much to learn. Your tips helped to clarify a few things for me as well as giving guidance...

    Linux Training in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  11. Hey guys, surbhi Sharma here, listen,i need to gather some ppl for some stuff that's going down soon...
    Packers And Movers Hyderabad
    We have effectively balanced by frameworks for 21st century; rapidly extending our routines for organizations provided for you by much of the time updating ourselves.

    ReplyDelete
  12. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  13. Thanks a lot,your every article is very helpful for an interview even great real time concepts. I have found another post for the same see here: http://sqlserver-qa.net/2016/06/22/transaction-log-architecture/

    ReplyDelete
  14. Really nice to know about the SQL. and i am much interested to know more about this. So please keep update like this.

    Web Designing Training in Chennai Adyar

    ReplyDelete
  15. i love this website. your site is good and your work is very good for social work.. keep work.
    Packers And Movers Ahmedabad
    http://packersmoversahmedabad.co.in/

    ReplyDelete
  16. Wow amazing i saw the article with execution models you had posted. It was such informative. Really its a wonderful article. Thank you for sharing and please keep update like this type of article because i want to learn more relevant to this topic.
    Jio TV

    ReplyDelete
  17. Thank you for sharing actual data. it's miles a top notch informative publish. your article is truly too nicely.
    Preserve posting those articles continuously.
    An extraordinary information supplied thanks for all of the records i must say incredible efforts made by way of you. thanks plenty for all of the facts you provided
    from
    oracle fusion procurement online training
    oracle fusion procurement training

    ReplyDelete
  18. Thanks for Sharing. It is very useful to me and all. We Are offer online as well as offline training real time projects. we provide low price of fee for on-line coaching.
    Oracle fusion financials training

    ReplyDelete
  19. Thanks for sharing the useful information about the sql server and good points were stated in this article. I found this article as very informative for the further information visit
    Oracle Fusion Financials Training

    ReplyDelete
  20. Hi,
    Another interesting articles on SQL and i find more new information,i like that kind of information,not only i like that post all peoples like that post,because of all given information was very excellent.
    Thank you,
    Oracle EBS training

    ReplyDelete
  21. thank you for such a great article with us. hope it will be much useful for us. please keep on updating..
    Video editing institute in chennai

    ReplyDelete

  22. Very Usefull Inforamtion,Thanks for sharing SQL Content Keep Updating US..............

    ReplyDelete
  23. HI,
    this is very interesting topic.Thanks for sharing such a nice topic.

    oracle fusion HCM online training.

    ReplyDelete
  24. Real time industry based learning - Another very important aspect of any learning program. Learning EA theoretically is different from learning it within the industrial setup.buy Revit 2018

    ReplyDelete
  25. Thanks for sharing such a wonderful information with helpful content...keep updating.
    Final Year Project Center in Chennai | No.1 Project Center in Chennai | Project Center in Velachery

    ReplyDelete
  26. Pretty article! I found some useful information in your blog, it was awesome to read, thanks for sharing this great content to my vision, keep sharing.CCNA Training Institute in Chennai | CCNA Training Institute in Velachery.

    ReplyDelete
  27. Nice blog. Thank you for sharing. The information you shared is very effective for learners I have got some important suggestions from it.
    BE Project Center in Chennai | ME Project Center in Chennai | MSC Project Center in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  28. Really nice to know about the SQL. and i am much interested to know more about this. So please keep update like this.BEST PHP TRAINING IN CHENNAI

    ReplyDelete
  29. Thank You For Sharing This Post, Its very informative and useful.
    Best Oracle Training in Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  30. Wow!!...Your Blog is really awesome with smart content,thanks for sharing this helpful article..
    No.1 Dot Net Project Center in Chennai | No.1 Dot Net Project Center in Velachery

    ReplyDelete
  31. thanks for sharing wonderful article..your post was really helpful from me..keep sharing about more SQL server details..
    Java Training Center in Chennai | Best J2EE Training Center in Chennai | No.1 Java Training Institution in Velachery | Core Java Training in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  32. Awesome Blog with informative concept. Really I feel happy to see this useful blog. Thanks for sharing such a nice blog.
    B.Com Project Center in Chennai | B.Com Project Center in Velachery

    ReplyDelete
  33. Cleaning works are one of the most important areas that need to be taken care of in order to maintain the safety of your furniture cleaning company in Riyadh Furniture is often exposed to smogs as a result of many use, in addition to children who have a big role in pollution and dirty furniture. And modern.
    Carpet cleaning is one of the inevitable things that must be done regularly to keep your home look and look beautiful and elegant. Most of the time our company Cleaning Company Mukait Riyadh is keen to invest excellent tools in getting the best results in addition to the equipment for cleaning and drying which makes the furniture clean in a very short time.

    ReplyDelete
  34. Very useful information.... thanks for sharing.we have any online training IT courses visit SQL SERVER TRAINING

    ReplyDelete
  35. Useful information and Please keep updating us..... Thanks for sharing..

    Best Summer Courses in Chennai|Best Summer Courses in Velachery

    ReplyDelete
  36. Apple Packers and Movers In Ahmedabad
    http://applepackersgroup.com/index.html
    Packers and movers Ahmedabadare those professionals who help you out in making your dream come true and the dream is to shift in a new home of your dream.
    So if you have decided to get the support of these service providers then it will prove to be a good decision for you because to take a help of an expert is much better than to do it by yourself.When you move you take all your valuable and precious belongings with you and to safely move them a lot of effort and attention is required with the best moving techniques and ideas which you don’t have you can get this all from these moving companies.

    ReplyDelete
  37. Leading packers and movers Ahmedabad
    http://www.applepackersgroup.com
    Apple Packers and Movers Ahmedabad is one of the large scale providing services like household, relocation, office shifting ,and all other logistic like small scale ,large scale with accurate quotes and with best service.

    ReplyDelete
  38. Apple Packers and Movers Ahmedabad
    packers and movers ahmedabad
    http://applepackersgroups.com
    Apple Packers and Movers is in Ahmedabad based moving organization that offers professional packing services, professional moving services for your packing and moving requirements throughout India. We take pride in offering great packing and moving services at reasonable prices. All our employees are experienced, courteous and careful.

    ReplyDelete
  39. Professional packers and movers Ahmadabad
    http://applepackersgroup.com/
    Apple packers and movers Ahmadabad been shifting homes, offices and commercial goods for many years with maximum customer satisfaction. Our major object is to make the relocation process as simple as we can make. We offer movers and packers services right from packing to unpacking. Once you hired us.

    ReplyDelete
  40. After reading this nice article I really impressed with this blog, like to watch regularly to get more useful stuff from here...
    Best Online Software Training Institute | PLSQL Training

    ReplyDelete
  41. Relocate with Packers and Movers Ahmedabad
    http://www.applepackersgroup.com
    Packers and Movers Ahmedabad
    Unique Services Provided by the Packers and Movers in Ahmedabad like relocation, packing, and transportation industry, office stuff , with accurate price to get satisfied to their customers with their all best Services.



    ReplyDelete
  42. Transportation with Packers and Movers Ahmedabad
    Packers and Movers Ahmedabad
    http://www.applepackersgroup.com
    Apple Packers and movers Ahmedabad is known for relocation, domestic, international shifting, office shifting, and all types of logistics with special quotes to the customers and will make sure that will provide satisfied response from your end.

    ReplyDelete
  43. Non-IT Services provided by krazyMantra Pvt Ltd.
    http://www.krazymantra.com/non_it_service.php
    Non-IT Services
    Krazy mantra is a professional recruitment firm catering to the needs of various companies across verticals. We are a team driven by the highest standards of quality, integrity, trust and commitment to provide services beyond compare. Latest technology, communication, gadgets, 24X7 power supply, AC and safety and security among other facilities are available

    ReplyDelete
  44. http://itcompaniesforkrazymantra.blogspot.com/2018/05/bpo-kpo-service- of-krazymantra.html
    BPO & KPO Services of Krazymantra
    Krazy Mantra, we fully understand the enterprise requirement to scale up and meet enterprise goals. Outsourcing has evolved as a business practice embraced with open arms by enterprises. Through our best industry practices, business excellence, we deliver BPO/ KPO/ LPO/ RPO Solutions, helping companies to transform, remain focused on their core activities.

    ReplyDelete
  45. BPO/KPO/LPO/RPO services run by Krazy mantra
    http://bisinkrazymantra.blogspot.com/2018/06/bpokpolporpo-services-run-by-krazy.html
    http://www.krazymantra.com/bpo_kpo_services.php
    Over the years, outsourcing has evolved as a business practice embraced with open arms by enterprises. Why not??? Outsourcing certain business processes slashes overhead, enabling enterprise to optimize revenue. At Krazy Mantra, we fully understand the enterprise requirement to scale up and meet enterprise goals. Through our best industry practices, business excellence, we deliver BPO/ KPO/ LPO/ RPO Solutions, helping companies to transform, remain focused on their core activities. Global clients in our fold from UK, Australia and USA among others validates are competency in the domain.

    ReplyDelete
  46. CMS SOLUTIONS in Krazy mantra
    http://www.krazymantra.com/campus_mgt_sys.php
    Krazy Mantra Campus Management system helps in handling key processes involved in operating an educational campus and saves time in managing logistics, facilities and resources. A complete campus information system to automate and manage different processes in schools and higher education, across multiple departments, faculties, staff, research scholars and prospective students. You can also configure and set up an studious environment for your campus. Krazy Mantra came out with a robust system – the Campus Management System

    ReplyDelete
  47. 24*7 Car towing & repair service by FastnSure
    24*7 Car service
    http://www.fastnsure.in
    FastnSure company provides the facilities like, #Towing Car Service# CarrepairServices #VehiclbreakdownService# and much more about transport Service they are available 24*7 they are also #Providing MedicalService# FreeFamilydroppingService#. And they are best carrier service provider in Ahmedabad.

    ReplyDelete
  48. Best 24X7 Car Helpline service by fastnsure

    24*7 car service
    http://www.fastnsure.in/
    FastnSure company provides the facilities like, Towing Car Service ,Car repair Services , Vehicle break down Service and much more about transport Service they are available 24*7 they are also providing medical Service free family dropping service .Call and receive the service anytime anywhere. And they are best carrier service provider in Ahmedabad.

    ReplyDelete
  49. Campus Management System in Krazy mantra
    http://www.krazymantra.com/campus_mgt_sys.php
    Krazy Mantra Campus Management system helps in handling key processes involved in operating an educational campus and saves time in managing logistics, facilities and resources. A complete campus information system to automate and manage different processes in schools and higher education, across multiple departments, faculties, staff, research scholars and prospective students. You can also configure and set up an studious environment for your campus. Krazy Mantra came out with a robust system – the Campus Management System.

    ReplyDelete
  50. Fastest services By Modi Packers and Movers In Jamnagar Surat Vadodara Rajkot Ahmedabad
    http://packers-and-movers-ahmedabad-baroda-surat-rajkot.in/packers-and-movers-jamnagar.html
    Jamnagar is the hug city. You decide to shift your home from one place to another or one city to another, so you can directly Search http://packers-and-movers-ahmedabad-baroda-surat-rajkot.in/packers-and-movers-jamnagar.html, Modi Packers and Movers Jamnagar provide best services in packing and moving not only in Jamnagar but also all over the world.

    ReplyDelete
  51. Campus management system – Krazy mantra
    http://www.krazymantra.com/campus_mgt_sys.php
    Krazy mantra campus management System helps institutions to easily create and manage sophisticated data across #multipledepartment’sfaculty’s #staffandstudents. the Campus & off-Campus which includes: #teacher’s #student’s #principal #Admin #trustees&parents. With a wonderful growing rate in the #educational sector #regional #school&colleges are facing a huge challenge from the international education coming to India. Krazy Mantra came out with a robust system – the Campus Management System.

    ReplyDelete
  52. 24x7 roadside Assistance, Breakdown, Towing Services by fastnsure

    roadside assistance
    http://www.fastnsure.in/
    FastnSure company provides the facilities like, Towing Car Service ,Car repair Services , Vehicle break down Service and much more about transport Service they are available 24*7 they are also providing medical Service free family dropping service .Call and receive the service anytime anywhere. And they are best carrier service provider in Ahmedabad.

    ReplyDelete
  53. Campus management system – Krazy mantra
    http://www.krazymantra.com/campus_mgt_sys.php
    Krazy mantra campus management System helps institutions to easily create and manage sophisticated data across #multipledepartment’sfaculty’s #staffandstudents. the Campus & off-Campus which includes: #teacher’s #student’s #principal #Admin #trustees&parents. With a wonderful growing rate in the #educational sector #regional #school&colleges are facing a huge challenge from the international education coming to India. Krazy Mantra came out with a robust system – the Campus Management System.

    ReplyDelete
  54. Loading & Unloading Services Packers and Movers Jamnagar Surat Ahmedabad Rajkot
    http://packers-and-movers-ahmedabad-baroda-surat-rajkot.in/packers-and-movers-jamnagar.html
    Modi Packers and Movers Jamnagar is a reputed packing and moving company in India. Our company provide loading and unloading, House Sifting, Office sifting services. Our services of household shifting and vehicle relocation are the best and well-organized. We have door to door logistics services which make shifting easier for you.

    ReplyDelete
  55. Online garage
    http://www.fastnsure.in
    Online garage in Ahmedabad by fastnSure
    FastnSure towing service is available 24*7 in ahmedbad they are providing all types of services like Towing car , car repair ,Vehicle break down ,and they also helping us in hard situation and providing Medical service, free family dropping ,none other company is given this types of services.

    ReplyDelete
  56. Online garage
    http://www.fastnsure.in
    Online garage service provider by fastnSure
    Description: FastnSure towing, garage service is available 24x7 in Ahmedabad they are providing all types of services like Towing car, car repair, Vehicle break down and for more information they have their own Application available in Android, iOS were you can proper solution of your problem .

    ReplyDelete
  57. Professional packers and movers Ahmedabad Jamnagar Rajkot Surat
    Jamnagar is a large and planned industrial city. We are provide packing and moving, home relocations and custom clearance Services with carefully. Modi Packers and Movers Jamnagar, providing affordable moving rates. If you want to need more information than you can go ahead on our websitehttp://packers-and-movers-ahmedabad-baroda-surat-rajkot.in/packers-and-movers-jamnagar.html

    ReplyDelete
  58. KrazyMantra reviews
    http://www.krazymantra.com
    Best Company reviews of krazyMantra.
    Krazymantra is Leading IT Company in Ahmedabad given excellent output in short period of time they have 300to500 employees Staff they are also working on Government Project and all staff member has their unique idea with good atmosphere all-round the company.

    ReplyDelete
  59. Professional packers and movers Ahmedabad Jamnagar Rajkot Surat
    Jamnagar is a large and planned industrial city. We are provide packing and moving, home relocations and custom clearance Services with carefully. Modi Packers and Movers Jamnagar, providing affordable moving rates. If you want to need more information than you can go ahead on our websitehttp://packers-and-movers-ahmedabad-baroda-surat-rajkot.in/packers-and-movers-jamnagar.html

    ReplyDelete
  60. Krazy mantra is a best leading IT company in Ahmedabad
    http://www.krazymantra.com/
    Krazy mantra is leading IT company in Ahmedabad. They are working with experience team and best of the breed technology; the company offers a wide range of IT, Non-IT and Real Estate & Infrastructure solutions among others. They are provide #IT service #BPO/KPO/LPO/RPO service #human resource solutions #IT service #other ITES Services

    ReplyDelete
  61. Krazy Mantra Directors.
    http://www.krazymantra.com
    Directors of Krazy Mantra.
    Vikram Pratap Singh ,Priya Golani, Abhishek dubey are director of krazy Mantra they are one to take company on the first position by using their best tactics and hard work for getting Position in the Digital Marketing World.

    ReplyDelete
  62. Krazy mantra is a best leading IT company in Ahmedabad
    http://www.krazymantra.com/
    Krazy mantra is leading IT company in Ahmedabad. They are working with experience team and best of the breed technology; the company offers a wide range of IT, Non-IT and Real Estate & Infrastructure solutions among others. They are provide #IT service #BPO/KPO/LPO/RPO service #human resource solutions #IT service #other ITES Services

    ReplyDelete
  63. Roadside assistance
    Speedy and trustworthy car roadside assistance
    http://www.fastnsure.in
    FastnSure is speedy and trustworthy towing service provider company in india. Provides all facilities like car towing service, break down services and much more. Also providing medical facilities. The application of FastnSure is available in android and iOS phone. So you can easily access the services about FastnSure.

    ReplyDelete
  64. Krazy mantra in Ahmedabad –Justdial
    http://www.krazymantra.com
    Krazy mantra is leading company in Ahmedabad they are leading in IT Sector they are providing all type service IT Service , BPO/KPO/LPO/RPO , Human resource Solutions , even the are focusing on Digital Marketing .If you want to grab more information you can directly visit on their website given below KrazyMantra

    ReplyDelete
  65. Excellent Reviews of Krazy mantra
    http://www.krazymantra.com/
    Krazy Mantra is a leading multinational Company in Ahmedabad, Gujarat with diversified interests. Blending brilliance of knowledgeable team and best of the breed technology, Krazy Mantra enables customers in scaling greater success, leveraging latest technology & our vast industry experience.

    ReplyDelete
  66. Directors of Krazy mantra
    http://www.krazymantra.com/director.php
    Vikram Pratap Singh, Priya Golani, Abhishek dubey are director of Krazy Mantra. Those people made their company from their hard work and struggles. The multipurpose and energetic team onboard brings with them rich, demonstrated experience, domain expertise gained through stint with many leading multinational and Indian companies. Powered by team’s skills and expertise, we deliver solutions to customers, matching global standards.

    ReplyDelete
  67. Krazy Mantra Group of company
    http://www.krazymantra.com/
    Krazy Mantra Group of company is a leading multinational based out of Ahmedabad, Gujarat with diversified interests. Blending brilliance of experienced team and best of the variety technology, the company offers a wide spectrum of IT, Non-IT, Real Estate and Infrastructure solutions among others. We help enterprises transform, grow in a commercial world with stringent competition through deep strategic consulting. We are a trusted partner for companies cutting across geographies and domain expertise, ranging from start-up to giant size businesses.

    ReplyDelete
  68. We Provide List Of Best And Affordable 100% Safe Packers And Movers Bangalore For Local Shifting. Professional, Trusted And Verified Movers And Packers With Price List @
    Packers And Movers In Bangalore Local

    ReplyDelete
  69. Great blog.you put Good stuff.All the topics were explained briefly.so quickly understand for me.I am waiting for your next fantastic blog.Thanks for sharing.
    Full Stack Training in Hyderabad

    ReplyDelete
  70. Nice information about test automation tools my sincere thanks for sharing post Please continue to share this post. orcle weblogic 12c training

    ReplyDelete
  71. It's really nice & helpful!Thanks for sharing the clear picture about SQL server .You have clearly explained about the architecture of the data file and different types of pages more informative manner for all.I would like to share.Keep updating good stuff.
    sap abap online training videos

    ReplyDelete
  72. Thanks For Sharing This Blog Very Useful And More Informative.

    Blockchain Online Training

    ReplyDelete
  73. Thanks for sharing this post, Excellent and very cool idea and great content of different kinds of the valuable information's.
    DevOps Online Training

    ReplyDelete
  74. I am really very happy to find this particular site. I just wanted to say thank you for this huge read!! I absolutely enjoying every petite bit of it and I have you bookmarked to test out new substance you post.
    Oracle training in Chennai

    Java training in Chennai | Java training in Annanagar

    Java training in Chennai | Java training institute in Chennai | Java course in Chennai

    Java training in Chennai | Java training institute in Chennai | Java course in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  75. Thanks a lot very much for the high quality and results-oriented help. Keep in blogging.I want more.... Customer Reconciliation
    Vendor Reconciliation
    Fixed Assets Audit
    CA Firms

    ReplyDelete
  76. I am perusing your post from the earliest starting point, it was so fascinating to peruse and I feel because of you for posting such a decent blog, keep refreshes frequently. Duplicate Payment Review
    AR Customer Helpdesk
    Duplicate Payment Recovery

    ReplyDelete
  77. Very nice post, I just stumbled for your weblog and wanted to say that I’ve really enjoyed surfing around your blog posts, as they are highly knowledgeable.
    deaddiction centre in ludhiana

    ReplyDelete
  78. Worthful Sql server tutorial. Appreciate a lot for taking up the pain to write such a quality content on SQL server tutorial. Just now I watched this similar
    Sql Server tutorial and I think this will enhance the knowledge of other visitors for sureSql Server Online Training

    ReplyDelete
  79. It's Really A Great Post. Looking For Some More Stuff.



    shriram break free

    ReplyDelete
  80. Post was good and really helpful for more stuff click on the link below.

    shriram earth

    ReplyDelete
  81. Great post and informative blog.it was awesome to read, thanks for sharing this great content to my vision.

    CEH Training In Hyderbad

    ReplyDelete
  82. Thank you for sharing such a nice and wonderful blog post.

    ReplyDelete
  83. This is one of my favourite blog. Thanks you for sharing a nice and useful information every time. If you are looking for Brother Printer Support then Contact Support Number tech.

    ReplyDelete
  84. thank your valuable content.we are very thankful to you.one of the recommanded blog.which is very useful to new learners and professionals.content is very useful for hadoop learners


    Best Spring Classroom Training Institute
    Best Devops Classroom Training Institute
    Best Corejava Classroom Training Institute
    Best Oracle Classroom Training Institute
    Best Oracle Classroom Training Institute

    ReplyDelete
  85. Great post and informative blog.it was awesome to read, thanks for sharing this great content to my vision.tp link extender

    ReplyDelete
  86. Physiotherapy is believed to lead to simple movement of muscles and joints to alleviate pain or in case of issue in mobility, however, medicos say that it has numerous other miraculous advantages like the improvement of respiratory organ functions, speedy tissue healing and is useful in healing burns additionally. Studies say that physiotherapy does not solely impact body’s function, however additionally improves the understanding of integration between systems.
    physiotherapist in calgary
    physiotherapy calgary nw
    physiotherapy nw calgary
    Best Acupuncture Calgary nw
    Best Chiropractor Calgary nw
    sports massage calgary
    massage therapy in calgary
    Exercise Therapy Calgary

    ReplyDelete
  87. The mission of Nishtha is to promote that knowledge base along with ethics and good conduct in professionals, educate and orient them in the field of project management and develop skills in them that would then bring immense value in Organizations for management of their projects in a superior and successful manner.
    pmi rep chennai
    ms project training in chennai
    pmp certification online
    pmp classes in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  88. Thank you for sharing such great information very useful to us.
    Salesforce Training in Gurgaon

    ReplyDelete
  89. Very nice post, I just stumbled for your weblog and wanted to say that I’ve really enjoyed surfing around your blog posts, as they are highly knowledgeable.
    easywebplans

    ReplyDelete
  90. The post was really good. Thanks for sharing.
    seo company in patiala

    ReplyDelete
  91. Great post and informative blog.it was awesome to read, thanks for sharing this great content to my vision.nasha mukti kendra in punjab

    ReplyDelete
  92. Thanks For Sharing The Information The Information Shared Is Very Valuable Please Keep Updating Us Time Just Went On Reading The article sql server Online Course

    ReplyDelete
  93. Thanks For Sharing The Information The Information Shared Is Very Valuable Please Keep Updating Us Time Just Went On Reading The article sql server Online Course

    ReplyDelete
  94. Superb. I really enjoyed very much with this article here. Really it is an amazing article I had ever read. I hope it will help a lot for all. Worthful Sql server tutorial. Appreciate a lot for taking up the pain to write such a quality content on SQL server tutorial. Just now I watched this similar sql server Online Course

    ReplyDelete
  95. One of the best TV repair and service company in Chennai, with experience in repairing all brands and sizes of televisions (LG, Samsung). Our engineers are skilled to repair all
    makes and models of TV. Including : big screen TVs, LCD, LED, UHD, OLED.
    samsung tv service center chennai
    samsung tv service center in chennai
    lg led tv service center chennai
    lg led tv service center in chennai
    lg tv service center in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  96. Sports big news provide is a all type sports contents. In This portal is a sports all type content, For ex. Cricket, cwc19, UEFA, football, Copa America 2019 etc.

    Cricket
    Cricket World Cup 2019
    Live Streaming
    World Cup 2019 Final
    IPL 2020 Live Streaming
    Copa America 2019 Venues
    Tennis
    Copa America 2019
    Cricket World Cup Live
    Football

    ReplyDelete
  97. Alur dan aturan permainan judi poker termasuk yang paling mudah untuk dipahami. Bahkan dalam hal ini bettor bisa dengan nyaman dan leluasa untuk melakukan permainan yang satu ini
    asikqq
    http://dewaqqq.club/
    http://sumoqq.today/
    interqq
    pionpoker
    bandar ceme
    freebet tanpa deposit
    paito warna terlengkap
    syair sgp

    ReplyDelete
  98. Welcome To Online Shopping Lucky Winner, ELIGIBILITY FOR PARTICIPATION, If you are an individual legal resident India and are 18 or older at the time of entry, you are eligible to enter the Sweepstakes. Our employees, their immediate family members (spouses, domestic partners, parents, grandparents, siblings, children and grandchildren), and our affiliates, advisors or advertising/promotion agencies (and their immediate family members) are not eligible to enter the Sweepstakes.

    ReplyDelete
  99. Your Blog is Very Nice...!!!!

    At Sartojiva, we provide you with the best-in-class Bespoke Tailoring, which is hard to find. Our tailors are highly experienced with the specific type of work they do to give you top-notch quality.

    ReplyDelete
  100. I'm pretty pleased to discover this great site. I want to to thank you for your time for this particularly fantastic read!! I definitely savored every bit of it and I have you book marked to see new stuff on your site.
    Best Core Java Training in Bangalore
    Advanced Java Institute In Marathahalli
    Best Selenium Training Institute in Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  101. Nice Post thanks for the information, good information & very helpful for others. For more information about Online Shopping Lucky Winner, Homeshop18 Lucky

    Draw Online Shopping Contact Number Winner Prize Result Click Here to Read More

    ReplyDelete
  102. This was be great I will read your blog properly, thank you so much for share this valuable information.

    Being recognized as a reputed Medical Tourism Company In India, Indo American Healthprovides the best possible care for any disease as they have the world’s best surgeons or doctors. If you want to know further, reach us today.

    ReplyDelete
  103. Generally there are many to protect the system . learn through
    Hacking course online

    ReplyDelete
  104. Thank you for sharing such a great content. It is very helpful...
    DevOps Training in Marathahalli - Bangalore | DevOps Training Institutes | DevOps Course Fees and Content | DevOps Interview Questions - eCare Technologies located in Marathahalli - Bangalore, is one of the best DevOps Training institute with 100% Placement support. DevOps Training in Bangalore provided by
    DevOps Certified Experts and real-time Working Professionals with handful years of experience in real time DevOps Projects.

    ReplyDelete
  105. I must appreciate you for providing such a valuable content for us. This is one amazing piece of article. Helped a lot in increasing my knowledge.

    oracle training in bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  106. I have read your blog. Good and more information useful for me, Thanks for sharing this information keep it up....
    Dot Net Project Center in Chennai | Dot Net Project Center in Velachery | Dot Net Projects in OMR

    ReplyDelete
  107. Very interesting blog which helps me to get the in depth knowledge about the technology, Thanks for sharing such a nice blog...
    IOT Project Center in Chennai | IOT Project Center in Velachery | IOT Projects for BE in Pallikaranai | IOT Projects for ME in Taramani

    ReplyDelete
  108. Good Post! Thank you so much for sharing this pretty post, it was so good to read and useful to improve my knowledge.
    VLSI Project Center in Chennai | VLSI Project Center in Velachery | VLSI Projects in Pallikaranai | VLSI Projects in Guindy | VLSI Projects in Taramani

    ReplyDelete
  109. Really Very happy to see this blog. thanks for sharing such a amazing blog...
    Final Year Project Center in Chennai | Final Year Projects in Velachery

    ReplyDelete
  110. Very interesting blog which helps me to get the in depth knowledge about the technology, Thanks for sharing such a nice blog..
    Java Project Center in Chennai | Java Project Center in Velachery | Java Projecs in Perungudi

    ReplyDelete
  111. Awesome Blog with informative concept. Really I feel happy to see this useful blog, Thanks for sharing such a nice blog.
    Java Project Center in Chennai | Java Projects Center in Velachery | Java Projects in Perungudi

    ReplyDelete
  112. Very interesting, good job and thanks for sharing such blog. It is very interesting to read. Its pretty good and well noted.
    Cloud Computing Project Center in Chennai | Cloud Computing Projects in Velachery

    ReplyDelete
  113. I read this article. I think You put a lot of effort to create this article. I appreciate your work.
    Embedded System Training Institute in Chennai | Embedded Training Center in Velachery | Embedded Training in Guindy

    ReplyDelete
  114. osm content in our blog must read.
    https://www.raletta.in/blog/work-from-home-jobs/

    ReplyDelete
  115. osm content in our blog must read it https://www.raletta.in/blog/internship-in-indore/

    ReplyDelete
  116. Found your post interesting read. very effective and informative content. Thank you for sharing this post! You can also check our blog.https://www.raletta.in/blog/internship-in-indore/ Internship in Indore

    ReplyDelete
  117. Thanks for your amazing post real all the information is given! You can also check our blog Work from home jobs


    ReplyDelete
  118. In the event that I needed to give an extraordinary case of top quality substance, this article would be it. It's an elegantly composed critique that holds your advantage.


    SEO services in kolkata
    Best SEO services in kolkata
    SEO company in kolkata
    Best SEO company in kolkata
    Top SEO company in kolkata
    Top SEO services in kolkata
    SEO services in India
    SEO copmany in India

    ReplyDelete
  119. Thanks for sharing such information. This is really helpful for me. You can also visit our blog.
    Fashion Blog

    ReplyDelete
  120. الرياض من اهم مناطق المملكة ولا بد ان تكون خدمات التنظيف ونقل الاثاث في الرياض على مستوى لائق باهل العاصمة ونقدم لكم اقوى شركات نقل العفش بالرياض المضمونة وتقدم خدمات رائعة وتستخدم سيارات نقل عفش مخصصة ومبطنة من الداخل وايضا تجد خدمات التنظيف للمنازل والفلل والشقق في افضل شركة تنظيف منازل بالرياض رخيصة وتمتلك خبرة طويلة في اعمال تنظيف الشقق والفلل والقصور وجلي وتلميع جميع انواع البلاط ونقدم ايضا خدمات تنظيف المنازل بالبخار في الرياض تحت اسم اكبر شركة تنظيف كنب بالرياض آمنة بهدف الحصول على تنظيف منزلي شامل للارضيات والشبابيك والمفروشات كالكنب والمجالس والموكيت والسجاد وقد تحتاج ايضا الى تنظيف خزان المياه خاصتك وذلك بالتعاقد مع ارخص شركه تنظيف خزانات بالرياض مجربة لخدمات تنظيف وتعقيم وصيانة لخزان الماء خاصتك وعمل تعقيم للخزان الأرضي والعلوي ولا بد ايضا ان تهتم بتنظيف المنزل من الحشرات مع افضل شركه مكافحه حشرات بالرياض مضمونة لتعقيم المنزل او المسجد والتخلص من الحشرات المزعجة كما في شركات مكافحة الحشرات بالرياض التي تقدم خدمات جيدة بالضمان

    ReplyDelete
  121. Excellent post... Thank you for sharing such a informative and information blog with us.keep updating such a wonderful post..
    MicorSoft Azure Training Institute in Chennai | Azure Training Center in Chennai | Azure Certification Training in velachery | Online Azure training in Velachery

    ReplyDelete
  122. If you aspire to become a Corporate Leader in the future, and if you are good at statistics and computers, then Data Science can help you a lot. Join Data science training in hyderabad and fulfill your dreams. data science course syllabus

    ReplyDelete
  123. Very informative blog.Thanks for sharing such a excellent blog.It is very useful for us.keep sharing

    such amazing blogs.
    SELENIUM Training

    institute in chennai
    | SELENIUM Online Training institute in chennai | SELENIUM Offline

    Training institute in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  124. Remembrance tamil obituary - Marana arivithal, Jaffna marana arivithal, srilanka marana arivithal tamil, tamil death notice, obituary tamil.
    tamil obituary

    ReplyDelete
  125. Wow it is really wonderful and awesome thus it is very much useful for me to understand many concepts and helped me a lot. it is really explainable very well and i got more information from your blog.
    3D Laser Scanning Targets
    Dimensional Control

    ReplyDelete
  126. This concept is a good way to enhance knowledge. thanks for sharing..
    AWS Training in Pune

    ReplyDelete
  127. Awesome post…It is really very interesting to read. I am a regular follower of your blog. Really very informative post you shared here. Kindly keep blogging.


    Python Training Institute in Velachery | Python Training Institute in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  128. تلك الشركات التي تستخدم سيارات مجهزة ومبطنة من الداخل لكي يتم نقل العفش في امان تام بدون خدوش او تكسير مثل الشركات التالية
    - شركات نقل عفش بجده
    - شركات نقل عفش بمكه المكرمه
    - شركه نقل اثاث بالطائف
    وفي منطقة المدينة المنورة تجدنا نمتلك افضل شركات نقل الاثاث مع الفك والتركيب وكذلك في ينبع وينبع البحر مثال عن تلك الشركات
    - شركات نقل عفش بالمدينه المنوره
    - شركات نقل اثاث بينبع

    ReplyDelete
  129. من افضل واقوى الشركات التي تقدم خدمات مكافحة حشرات المنزل البق والصراصير والنمل والعته تلك التي تستخدم مبيدات آمنة في ارخص شركة مكافحة الصراصير بجدة تلك التي تتعامل في مكافحة الحشرات المنزلية وتستخدم مبيدات آمنة ومضمونة كما هو الوضع او النظام في مثل افضل شركة مكافحة الصراصير بمكة المكرمة بحيث تتعامل مع الحشرات في المنازل وترى اننا في مثل تلك الحالات اقوى شركة مكافحة الصراصير بالرياض وهي تستخدم مبيدات آمنة ومضمونة وفعالة في التخلص من الحشرات في ارخص شركة مكافحة الحشرات بالمدينة المنورة واجود في تقديم الخدمات الخاصة باعمال افضل شركة رش مبيدات بجدة وهي تستخدم مبيدات آمنة وفعالة ومضمونة

    ReplyDelete